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Antibodies testing, Immunity and immunity passport in Covid-19
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has affected most countries in the world. Our knowledge of diagnostic tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is evolving, and it is important to have a clear understanding of the nature of the tests and the interpretation of their findings. In this paper, the purpose is to interpret the results of two typ...
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Since Jules Freund reported that crude mycobacterial extracts greatly promoted immune responses to antigens (1), the use of adjuvants has become a widespread, but poorly understood practice to promote T and B cell responses (2). Recent studies have begun to identify the chemical nature of several adjuvants and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of their long-elusive immunologi-cal effects. F...
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During the eight years which separate the two editions of Raffel's Immunity, the field of immunology has grown exponentially. Although the original format has been retained, many of the newer concepts, (and controversies) have been included in the current work. The first two sections of this book deal with fundamental immune responses to antigens and infectious agents. Included are chapters dea...
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the classroom and the laboratory. Reflecting the changing nature of the field, the appendices have been updated with input from students and professors, ensuring that they reflect current knowledge. Overall, Janeway’s Immunobiology remains the standard-bearer for introductory immunology textbooks. It continues its predecessors’ broad coverage of the subject and contains updated figures and appe...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1998
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/26150